On-Line Resources
Hunting for the Wild Rice
Minnesota Department of Natural Resources 1998. A publication by the Minnesota of Department of Natural Resources describing management practices needed to survey wild rice harvests.
Minnesota Natural Wild Rice Harvester Survey: A Study of Harvester's Activities and Opinions
A survey of wild rice harvesters in Minnesota conducted by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. 2006.
Native American Ethnobotany Database March 1, 2009 University of Michigan-Dearborn 2003.
This website has ethnobotanical uses of plants tribes in the United States. You can enter the name of a tribe or the name of a plant for information. Also available as a book.
Ricing with Tommy Sky Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission 2007
This supplement of the Mazina’igan newsletter from Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission is a good beginning for teaching on the ethnobotany of the Ojibwe and wild rice. It includes information on harvesting and management along with Ojibwe creation stories, games, educational material, and recipes.
Save Wild Rice
This website is devoted to saving wild rice from being genetically engineered. It includes current and past efforts in legislation to stop the use of genetically modified rice in Minnesota. The site also contains useful information on traditional practices of harvesting wild rice by the Anishinaabeg people.
Wild Rice Ecology Harvest Management A brief overview of wild rice ecology produced by the Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission.
Wild Rice Establishment
USDA – Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), April 2001 - This is a brief scientific explanation of wild rice including description, growth characteristics and growing conditions. It also includes seed sources and information for planting wild rice.
Books and articles
Vennum Jr., Thomas. Wild Rice and the Ojibway People. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1988. ix + 357 pp. This book has ethnobotanical, historical, and scientific information concerning the Ojibwe people and their relationship with wild rice.
Regguinti, G. (1992) The Sacred Harvest: Ojibway Wild Rice Gathering. Lerner Publications
Company, Minneapolis. A children’s book on gathering wild rice. Lots of photos.
Gilmore, Melvin. Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region.
This book gives an ethno-historical reference on plants and how they were used by the Dakota, Omaha, Winnebago and Pawnee tribes. The introduction has an explanation of what happened when wild rice was unavailable on the plains.
Stickney, Gardner P. Indian Use of Wild Rice. American Anthropologist 9.4 (April 1896) pp.115-122.
This journal article is a good resource for those interested in ethnobotanical information concerning wild rice harvesting practices documented at the Bad River Indian Reservation located in Wisconsin.
Selected Scientific References
Aiken, S.G., Lee, P.F., Punter, D., & Stewart, J.M. (1988) Wild rice in Canada. MC Press
Limited, Toronto.
Bailey, K.D., Frohn, R.C., Beck, R.A., & Price, M.W. (2001) Remote sensing analysis of wild
rice production using Landsat 7 for the Leech Lake Band of Chippewa in Minnesota.
Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 67, 189-192.
Berde, S. (1980). Wild Ricing: The Transformation of an Aboriginal Subsistence Pattern. In
Anishinabe (ed A.J. Paredes), pp. 101-126. University Presses of Florida, Tallahassee.
Berkes, F. (1999) Sacred ecology : traditional ecological knowledge and resource management.
Taylor & Francis, Philadelphia, PA.
Berkes, F. & Folke, C. (1998) Linking social and ecological systems: management practices and
social mechanisms for building resilience. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
United Kingdom.
David, P. (2000). An Overview of the Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission's Wild
Rice Management Program. In Proceedings of the Wild Rice Research and Management
Conference (eds L.S. Williamson, L.A. Dlutkowski & A.P. McCammon Soltis), pp. 149-
157. Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission, Odanah, Wisconsin.
Davidson-Hunt, I. & O'Flaherty, R.M. (2007) Researchers, indigenous peoples, and place based
learning communities. Society and Natural Resources, 20, 291-305.
Davidson-Hunt, I.J. (2003) Indigenous lands management, cultural landscapes and Anishinaabe
people of Shoal Lake, Northwestern Ontario, Canada. Environments, 31, 21-41.
Doolittle, W.E. (2000) Cultivated Landscapes of Native North America. Oxford University Press,
New York.
Dore, W.G. (1969) Wild-rice. Department of Agriculture - Research Branch, Ottawa, Canada.
Emery, M., Ginger, C., Newman, S., & Giammusso, M. (2003). Special Forest Products in
Context: Gatherers and Gathering in the Eastern United States, Rep. No. NE-306. USDA
Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station
Fannucchi, G.T., Fannucchi, W.A., & Craven, S. (1986). Wild Rice in Wisconsin: Its Ecology
and Cultivation, Rep. No. G3372. University of Wisconsin Agriculture Extension,
Cooperative Extension Service, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
Huber, J.K. (2000). Archaeological implications of pollen evidence for wild rice (Zizania
aquatica) during the Paleoindian, Archaic, and Woodland periods in northeast
Minnesota. In Proceedings of the Wild Rice Research and Management Conference (eds
L.S. Williamson, L.A. Dlutkowski & A.P. McCammon Soltis), pp. 40-53. Great Lakes
Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission, Odanah, Wisconsin.
Huseby, J.T., Svedarsky, W.D., & Crawford, R.D. (2001) Dabbling duck production from a wild
rice farming landscape in northwest Minnesota. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 29, 838-845.
Jenks, A.E. (1977) The Wild Rice Gatherers of the Upper Lakes: a Study in American Primitive
Economics. J & L Reprint Company, Lincoln, Nebraska. Originally published in the
Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, Vol. 19, Part Two: Washington, D.C. pgs.
1013-1137.
Kuiken, D. (2007). The Manomin News [Issue 4 Volume 17]. http://www.wildrice.org, Accessed
May 20, 2008.
LaDuke, W. (2003) Our Manoomin, Our LIfe. White Earth Land Recovery Project, Ponsford.
LaDuke, W. (2005) Recovering the Sacred: the power of naming and claiming. South End Press,
Cambridge.
Landwehr, T. (2004). Rice and ducks in the Land of 10,000 Lakes [Jan/Feb].
http://www.ducks.org/DU_Magazine/DUMagazineJanFeb2004/1263/Conservation.html,
Accessed November 2007.
Lee, P.F. (1986) Ecological relationships of wild rice, Zizania aquatica: 4. Environmental
regions within a wild rice lake. Canadian Journal of Botany, 64, 2037-2044.
Lee, P.F. (1987) Ecological relationships of wild rice, Zizania aquatica: 6. The effects of
increases in water depth on vegetative and reproductive production. Canadian Journal of
Botany, 65, 2128-2132.
Lee, P.F. (2002) Ecological relationships of wild rice, Zizania spp.: 10. Effects of sediment and
among-population variations on plant density in Zizania palustris. Canadian Journal of
Botany, 80, 1283-1294.
Mather, D. & Thompson, G. (2000). Archaeological Perspectives on Wild Rice. In Proceedings
of the Wild Rice Research and Management Conference (eds L.S. Williamson, L.A.
Dlutkowski & A.P. McCammon Soltis), pp. 15-26. Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife
Commission, Odanah, Wisconsin.
McAvoy, L., Shirilla, P., & Flood, J. (2004). American Indian gathering and recreation uses of
national forests. Paper read at 2004 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium, at
Bolton Landing, New York.
McClurken, J.M. (2000) Fish in the Lakes, Wild Rice and Game in Abundance: Testimony on
Behalf of Mille Lacs Ojibwe Hunting and Fishing Rights, pp. 572. Michigan State
University Press, East Lansing.
Meeker, J.E. (1993) The ecology of "Wild" wild-rice (Zizania palustris var. palustris) in the
Kakagon Sloughs, a riverine wetland on Lake Superior. PhD Thesis, University of
Wisconsin, Madison.
Meeker, J.E. (1996) Wild-rice and sedimentation processes in a Lake Superior coastal wetland.
Wetlands, 16, 219-231.
Mertens, R.(2004). A fight to save the tradition of wild rice. Christian Science Monitor [cited 8/2
2006]. Available from http://www.csmonitor.com/2004/1013/p11s02-lihc.html.
Minnesota Department of Natural Resources.(1998). Hunting for the wild rice (Spring)
[Webzine]. Division of Fish and Wildlife, 12/11/2005 [cited May 12 2007]. Available
from http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/fwt/back_issues/march98/wildrice.html.
Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (2008). Natural Wild Rice In Minnesota. State of
Minnesota, St. Paul
Moodie, D.W. (1991). Manomin: Historical-Geographical Perspectives on the Ojibwa
Production of Wild Rice. In Aboriginal Resource Use in Canada: Historical and Legal
Aspects (eds K. Abel & J. Friesen), Vol. VI. University of Manitoba Press, Winnipeg.
Moyle, J.B. (1944) Wild Rice in Minnesota. Journal of Wildlife Management, 8, 177-184.
Norrgard, R. (2006). An overview of threats to the future of wild rice conservation and
management. Paper read at Manoomin Niikaanisag Wild Rice Coalition Building and
Conference, August 8-11, at Watersmeet, Michigan, USA.
Norrgard, R., Drotts, G., Drewes, A., & Dietz, D. (2007). Minnesota Natural Wild Rice
Harvester Survey: A Study of Harvesters' Activities and Opinions. Management Section
of Wildlife, Division of Fish and Wildlife, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources,
St. Paul, MN
Oelke, E. (1993). Wild rice: Domestication of a native North American genus. In New crops (eds
J. Janick & J.E. Simon), pp. 235-243, Wiley, New York.
Oelke, E. (2007) Saga of the Grain. Hobar Publications, Lakeville, MN.
Oelke, E., Bloom, P.R., Porter, R.A., & Liu, Q. (2000). Wild rice plant development and seed
physiology. In Proceedings of the Wild Rice Research and Management Conference (eds
L.S. Williamson, L.A. Dlutkowski & A.P. McCammon Soltis), pp. 54-67. Great Lakes
Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission, Odanah, Wisconsin.
Pearson, T.E. (1992) Wild Rice and the Ojibway people of Bad River: A study of production,
tradition and cultural persistence. Masters Thesis, University of Wisconsin Madison.
Radomski, P. & Goeman, T. (2001) Consequences of human lakeshore development on
emergent and floating-leaf vegetation abundance. North American Journal of Fisheries
Management, 21, 46-61.
Regguinti, G. (1992) The Sacred Harvest: Ojibway Wild Rice Gathering. Lerner Publications
Company, Minneapolis.
Rodriguez, K. (1999). Wild Rice Research Conference. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency -
Great Lakes National Program Office. Available from
http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/active/1999/junjul99.html#ECOSYSTEMS
Rogosin, A. (1954). An ecological history of wild rice. Minnesota Department of Conservation,
Division of Game and Fish, Section on Research and Planning, St. Paul
Scheider, J.P. (2007). 2006 Cooperative DU/DNR Wild Rice Lake Management & Assessment
Program Report. Ducks Unlimited, Alexandria, MN
Stoudt, J.M. (1944) The food preferences of mallards in the Chippewa National Forest,
Minnesota. Journal of Wildlife Management, 8, 110-112.
Taube, E. (1951) Wild Rice. In The Scientific Monthly, Vol. 73, pp. 369-375.
Thomas, A.G. & Stewart, J.M. (1969) The effect of different water depths on the growth of wild
rice. Canadian Journal of Botany, 47, 1525-1531.
Tynan, T.J. (2001) Motorboats and wild rice : an historical account of the socio-political factors
that led to the current threat of motorized boat traffic and an analysis of the impacts boats
have on wild rice. Masters Thesis, University of Wisconsin, Madison.
U.S. Department of Agriculture (1996). Wild Rice: An Economic Assessment of the Feasibility
of Providing Multiple-Peril Crop Insurance. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Available
from http://www.rma.usda.gov/pilots/feasible/pdf/wildrice.pdf
Ustipak, R. (2007). DU-DNR Cooperative Wild Rice Lake Management Program 2006 Report.
Ducks Unlimited
Valppu, S.H. (2000). Paleoethnobotanical investigations at the Big Rice Site: Laurel Culture use
of wild rice and associated radiocarbon dates. In Proceedings of the Wild Rice Research
and Management Conference (eds L.S. Williamson, L.A. Dlutkowski & A.P.
McCammon Soltis), pp. 27-39. Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission,
Odanah, Wisconsin.
Vennum, T. (1988) Wild rice and the Ojibway people. Minnesota Historical Society Press, St.
Paul.
Vogt, D.J. (2008). Wild Rice Monitoring and Abundance in the 1854 Ceded Territory (1998-
2007), Rep. No. 08-02. 1854 Treaty Authority, Resource Management Division, Duluth
Walker, R.D. & Doerfler, J. (2007) Wild rice: the Minnesota Legislature, a distinctive crop,
GMOs and Anishinaabeg perspective, pp. 26. University of Minnesota.
Walker, R.D., Pastor, J., & Dewey, B.W. (2006) Effects of wild rice (Zizania palustris) straw on
biomass and seed production in northern Minnesota. Canadian Journal of Botany, 84,
1019-1024.
Williamson, L.S., Dlutkowski, L.A., & McCammon Soltis, A.P., eds. (2000) Proceedings of the
Wild Rice Research and Management Conference, pp 237. Great Lakes Indian Fish and
Wildlife Commission, Odanah, Wisconsin.
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